Asian Longhorned Beetle: Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)
TunyaLee Morisawa
©The Nature Conservancy
Wildland Invasive Species Program
22 June 2000
Introduction
The asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), is believed to have been introduced into the USA in 1996 from China. This non-native beetle poses a threat to urban and rural forests. Larvae of the beetle tunnel throughout the tree resulting in limb breakage, dieback of the tree crown, and tree death. Reproducing populations of A. glabripennis have been found in New York City and Chicago. In the USA a complete host list has not been determined but the beetle prefers sycamores and maples, including red, silver, sugar, Norway and box elder. Other species it has infested in the US include horse chestnut, black locust, elms, birches, willows, poplars and ash. Chemical control methods have been ineffective. Therefore, control of established populations of ALB is currently limited to removing and destroying whole trees that are known to be infested. 
The asian longhorned beetle is a cerambycid beetle, a family that includes many economically important pests of hardwood trees. Ecologically, some species play important roles by reducing dead and dying trees and branches. Some cerambycid species attack living or stressed trees (Cavey et al., 1998). In areas where trees are grown for commercial use or to enhance the urban environment, species that attack live trees are regarded as serious pests because they injure and kill valuable trees. 
The genus Anoplophora includes more than 30 species that are native to the Oriental and eastern Palearctic regions. In China, ALB is called the ‘starry sky beetle’ or ‘glabrous spotted willow borer’ and is a serious pest of hardwoods.

Range
Anoplophora glabripennis has been intercepted at several ports throughout the US. The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) detected ALB in 26 warehouses and residential sites in 14 states (2). In 1997 alone, beetles in the genus Anoplophora were found in wooden spools and packing material imported into British Columbia, Ontario, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Washington, Michigan and New York (5). 
Climatic zones that support ALB populations in China are similar to those zones in North America ; an area from the Great Lakes to southern Mexico (Haack, 1997; 8).
As of 1999, ALB is known to be established at two sites in North America: New York City and Chicago. A. glabripennis was first discovered in New York in August 1996. The Chicago infestation was discovered on July 9, 1998, although it is believed that the infestation was present for 7-10 years before if was discovered (1). These populations were probably brought over from China unintentionally inside solid wood packing materials. 
Anoplophora glabripennis is native to Asia and is specifically found in China, Korea, and Japan (Cavey et al., 1998). In its native range, if is known to cause severe damage between 21-43 degrees North Latitude and 100-127 degrees East Longitude. No reports were found of ALB as a pest in northern and central forests in Russia, excluding Siberia and the Far-East (Haack, 1997).

Host plants
A complete list of ALB’s host plants has not been determined for the U.S. However a list of plants mentioned in the literature is presented in Table 1. A. glabripennis prefers maples, but many other North American species can support it. Reproducing populations have been found in maple, poplar, willow, horse chestnut and birch (1). In the US the adults are drawn to both healthy and stressed trees, and to both young and old trees as well as recently cut logs (Haack, 1997). 
In China, A. glabripennis is an important pest in poplar (Populus) and damages other hardwood trees such as maple (Acer), willow (Salix), elm (Ulmus), and mulberry (Morus) (Cavey et al., 1998; 8). 

Damage
Asian longhorned beetles typically attack a single tree but as the food source becomes exhausted, they will move to other nearby trees (2). The larvae hatch from the egg and burrow into the tree. The tunneling or 'galleries' can girdle stems and branches. Dieback of the tree crown and death of the tree can occur from repeated attacks (1). Early instars feed within the cambial tissues. Late instars move deep within the tree and feed on the sapwood and heartwood causing limb breakage and often tree death (Cavey et al., 1998).

Threat
So far ALB has been restricted to urban street trees, but it is feared that populations will spread to wildlands and production forests.  It is not clear how much damage they could cause but they have a very wide host range and might cause significant die-offs of hardwood trees. Spreading A. glabripennis populations threaten native woody species. If ALB spreads to the Pacific Northwest it is thought that it would impact populations of Populus spp., Alnus ruba, Acer macrophyllum, and Arbutus menziesii (5). In the Province of Ontario, a majority of Canada’s threatened and endangered species exist and would be severely impacted by the establishment of ALB (M. Smith, personal communication). 
A. glabripennis infestations of urban street and ornamental trees affects the esthetic human environment. Larval tunneling weakens the structure of the tree so that limbs and in some cases entire trees may collapse, posing a danger to pedestrians and vehicles (8). Property values will also likely decrease in areas where ALB spreads and kills trees (Haack, 1997).
Furniture, the maple syrup industry and fall color tourism may be affected if ALB can not be eradicated and spreads (4). A. glabripennis has an affinity for hardwood trees, which poses a risk to forest and tree resource industries by reducing the quality of lumber, veneer and wood fiber (1; Haack, 1997).
A few species in the genus Anoplophora are serious pests in Asia. A. chinensis (Förster) infests a range of ornamental plants and has become abundant in lowland orchard fruit trees. Many young citrus trees are killed annually even though preventative measures are practiced. A. malasiaca (Thomson) is a pest in fruit trees in Japan, China, and Malaysia. A. glabripennis is a problem pest in poplar (Cavey et al., 1998). 

Biology
A. glabripennis is a bullet-shaped beetle, 20-35 mm in length and 7-12 mm wide. Its cuticle is glossy black and smooth with small, microscopic dimples. Both males and females have up to 20 irregular white dots on the elytra (hard wing covers). The scutellum (area between the head and elytra) is generally black. Antennae may reach 2 to 3 inches in length. The antennae are usually 1.3 times the length of the body for females and 2.5 times the length of the body for males. Both sexes have distinctly banded white and black segments (3-11) on the antennae. Both males and females have bluish-white legs, with the color especially prominent on the dorsal surface (1). Females tend to live longer than males, 14-66 days compared to 3-50 days respectively (8).
In China, ALB may have one or two generations per year. Authorities are suggesting that in the US ALB may only have one generation per year (3).A. glabripennis can overwinter as an egg, larva within an egg, larva, or pupa. Asian longhorned beetles fly for 2 to 3 days after emergence while mating and feeding. Adult ALB are present from May to October, although if temperatures are warm this period is extended and ALB can be found earlier in the spring or later into the fall. A single female can lay 30 to 70 eggs in her lifetime (1). The upper trunk and on major branches where the bark is smooth on shoots of poplars and willows are the preferred oviposition sites(8). Once the crown begins to die, eggs are laid on the entire trunk and exposed roots (Haack, 1997). Females chew a groove through the bark to the cambium on the branch where new shoots arise. These groves can be round or lip-shaped and a single egg is laid within the grove during the months of June and July (8). The eggs are off-white, oblong with slight concave ends and are 5-7 mm in length (2). After 10-15 days, the eggs hatch and the larvae tunnel into the wood. Mature larvae measure up to 50 mm in length with a head capsule width of 5 mm (Cavey et al., 1998). The larvae, commonly called grubs, feed within the tree throughout the fall and winter (1). First through early third instars feed within the phloem and the late 3rd to early 4th instar feeds within the xylem. The larvae overwinter deep within the heartwood of the tree (8). Pupation occurs in early June (8). The pupae are off white, 30-33 mm in length and 11 mm wide (2). The adults burrow out of the tree, leaving round exit holes a little smaller than a dime (6-18 mm).
Differing opinions exist on the dispersal abilities of ALB. Some literature suggests that the beetles are capable of flying hundreds of meters and that high winds can spread them even farther (Haack, 1997). However, observations on the spread of A. glabripennis in Brooklyn seem to support the claim that A. glabripennis is a weak flier (8). Research on this subject is planned. One such study plans to coat infested logs with florescent powder. The beetles that emerge will be marked with the powder and researchers will then check the area for marked beetles. Another scientist is fitting individual beetles with radar tracking devices and the Forest Service in Connecticut plans to test beetle flight in a flight mill (7).

Prevention
The best way to avoid threats from ALB and other non-native pests is to prevent them from entering and becoming established in the US. It is believed that ALB was brought over in solid wood packing materials such as pallets and crates from China (2; Cavey et al., 1998). US regulations state that solid wood packing should be free from bark and live plant pests (2). As of September 1998, solid wood packing from China must undergo treatment by heat, fumigation, or preservatives before entering any US port (8). 
Cutting and trimming infested trees and then moving them to another area may spread ALB to other areas. Just don’t do it!
Removing and destroying infested trees prevents the spread of ALB to adjacent trees. Quarantine areas have been created where ALB infested trees have been discovered. As with many insect pests, early detection and a rapid treatment response are necessary for the successful eradication of ALB. 
If you suspect that a tree may be infested, contact your: State Department of Agriculture, State Plant Regulatory Official, State Entomologist, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protections and Quarantine (PPQ), County Extension Office, State Forester or Department of Natural Resources (Appendix 1) (1). 
In New York tree removal cost more than $800,000. More than 2.8 million was pledged by USDA, New York State and the city of New York for education and tree replanting (Haack, 1997). Replanting trees have begun in areas where trees have been removed. A variety of species such as oaks, honeylocusts, Kentucky coffeetree, hackberry, linden, catalpa, ginkgo, and Turkish filbert have been planted (1). The Chicago Botanic Garden lists several species that are resistant to ALB (Table 2) (6). The use of resistant species and planting a variety of trees rather than a single species in an area may help prevent large infestations. 

Monitoring
A large part of the lifecycle of the beetle is spent in the larval stage. This makes detection difficult. Larvae tunnel within the wood of the tree and cannot be easily observed. Ground surveys alone may be inadequate to detect them. More infested trees were found (previously overlooked by ground surveys) using bucket trucks and experienced surveyors (1). Surveys for ALB should concentrate on searching for exit holes. Exit holes, 1-2 cm (3/8-3/4 in) in diameter, that ooze sap are a sign of ALB. Oval oviposition niches (0.3-0.6 cm in diameter) created by the female beetles may also ooze sap. Often, piles of frass (insect waste) and sawdust accumulate in the crotch of infested trees. Look for unseasonable yellowing or drooping leaves. Leaf symptoms show when larvae disrupt phloem and xylem movement within the tree with their tunneling (2). Currently, researchers are working on an acoustic beetle detector. They are hoping the chewing of the larvae can be heard and distinguished enough to pinpoint infested trees (7).

Control
Chemical controls are limited because the insects are deep within the tree (2). A few systemic chemicals already in use in the nursery industry are currently being tested (1; 7). 
Since no effective chemical controls have been found so far, removing trees and then chipping and burning them is the only means to eliminate established populations (Cavey et al., 1998). In New York City, 3843 ALB infested trees were found from 1996 to August 1999. These trees were found at ? sites scattered throughout the area in the Greenpoint-Brooklyn, Amityville and Lindenhurst, Bayside-Queens, and Manhattan areas. ALB were found in Illinois in 1998 and 1141 infested trees have been found and removed from 3 areas of greater Chicago. Since then?. Infested trees are usually removed the same day after an infestation is noted. The trees were in the Ravenswood-Chicago, Addison-DuPage County, and Summit areas. Ironically, many of the trees that were removed in Chicago were 25-35 year old Norway maples planted after the Dutch elm disease outbreak (1).
Even in China, its native environment, ALB has few natural enemies. Chances that ALB populations will explode here in the US is believed to be high (2). It is possible that biological control agents such as the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema bibionis, may help keep ALB in check if it can not be eradicated. Mortality between 61-94% was achieved with various strains of this species (8). The Forest Service is also testing Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.). However, the efficacy of B.t. has been low in other beetle studies. In China, researchers have identified three potential natural enemies (7).
The use of traps to attract only ALB has not been researched thoroughly (2). Currently North American scientists have isolated chemical compounds that may be useful in traps. Two compounds were potential attractants and in the future could possibly be used to collect beetles in an infested area. The third compound acted as a deterrent and could possibly repel beetles from areas at risk of infestation (6). 

Table 1.  List of plants found in the literature that are hosts of Anoplophora glabripennis, the asian longhorned beetle. 
 
Common Name	Scientific Name	Reference	
Boxelder maple
Norway maple
Red maple
Silver maple
Sugar maple
Sycamore maple
a maple in N. China	Acer negundo
A. platanoides
-
A. saccharinum
A. saccharum
A. pseudoplatanus
A. truncatum	1
1
1
1
1
1
8	
Horse chestnut	Aesculus hippocastanum	1	
Black locust	-	1	
Elms
Chinese elm	Ulmus spp.
Ulmus parvifolia	1
8	
Birches	Betula spp.	1	
Willows
Weeping willow
Corkscrew willow	Salix spp.
Salix babylonica
Salix matsudana	1 
8
8	
Ash
European ash
Green ash
White ash	Fraxinus spp.
-
-
-	1
6
6
6	
Rose of sharon	-	1	
Mulberry
White mulberry	Morus spp.
-	2
6	
Poplar
Hybrid poplar
Hybird poplar
Hybrid poplar
Black poplar
Lombardy poplar
Hybrid poplar	Populus spp.
Populus x dokuanensis
Populus x euramericana
Populus canadensis
Populus nigra
Populus nigra var. italica
Populus x simopyramdalis	3
8
8
8
8
8
8	
Liquidamber	-	3	
Plum	Prunus spp.	3	
Pear	Pyrus spp.	3	
Black locust	Robinia pseudoacacia	8	

			

			

Table 2.  Tree species resistant to Anoplophora glabripennis, the asian longhorned beetle, include oaks, honey locust, Kentucky coffee trees and lindens (listed from the Chicago Botanical Garden’s website; *tree species that are not known hosts (Haack, 1997)).

Common Name	Scientific Name	
American arbovitae	Thuja occidentalis	
Baldcypress	Taxodium distichum	
Boulevard linden	Tilia americana ‘Boulevard’	
Bur oak	Quercus macrocarpa	
Catalpa	Catalpa spp.	
Dawn redwood	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	
English oak	Quercus robur	
European hornbeam	Carpinus betulus	
Giant arborvitae	Thuja plicata	
Ginkgo	Ginkgo bioloba	
Glenleven littleleaf linden	Tilia cordata ‘Glenleven’	
Hackberry	Celtis occidentalis	
Junipers	Juniperus spp.	
Kentucky coffee tree	Gymnocladus dioicus	
Ledgen littleleaf linden 	Tilia cordata ‘Legend’	
Poplar or Tuliptree	Liriodendron tulipifera	
Redmond american linden	Tilia americana ‘Redmond’	
Serviceberry	Amelanchier sp.	
Swamp or Pin oak	Quercus palustis	
Thornless honeylocust	Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis	
Turkish filbert	Corylus colurna	
White oak	Quercus alba	
London plane tree*	Platanus acerifolia	
Sweetgum*	Liquidamber styraciflua	

References
Cavey, J.F., E.R. Hoebeke, S. Passoa, and S.W. Lingafelter. 1998. A new exotic threat to North American hardwood forests: an asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). I. Larval description and diagnosis. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100(2):373-381.
Haack, R.A., K.R. Law, V.C. Mastro, H.S. Ossenbruggen, and B.J. Raimo. 1997. New York’s Battle with the Asian Long-Horned Beetle. Journal of Forestry 95(12):11-15.

Websites

1.	willow.ncfes.umn.edu/asianbeetle/beetle.htm
2.	www.aphis.usda.gov
3.	www.cfie-acia.agr.ca
4.	www.chie.org
5.	www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gr.ca
6.	www.rbg.ca
7.	www.sciencenews.org
8.	www.usia.gov

Appendix 1.  List of government agencies to contact with questions or reports of ALB infestations (www.aphis.usda.gov).

ALB Command Center
4141 N. Rockwell
Chicago, IL
1-800-641-3934

APHIS PPQ
301-734-8295
www.aphis.usda.gov

Infestations in Brooklyn or New York:
1-800-201-PARK

APHIS, PPQ
State Plant Health Director
Connecticut:  203-269-4277
Delaware:  302-677-4093
Illinois:  708-299-0024
Indiana:  317-654-7792
Maine:  207-945-0479
Maryland:  410-224-3452
Massachusetts:  617-565-7030
Michigan:  313-942-9005
Minnesota:  612-334-4194
New Hampshire:  603-666-7445
New Jersey:  609-259-8649
New York:  518-438-3896
Ohio:  216-552-4869
Pennsylvania:  717-782-3419
Rhode Island:  401-828-9025
Vermont:  802-828-4490
Virginia:  804-771-2042
West Virginia:  304-372-8590
Wisconsin:  608-264-5096

State agricultural officials:
New York:  518-457-2087
New Jersey:  609-292-5440