Linda M. Wilson, Cynthia Jette, John Connett, Joseph P. McCaffrey. 2003. Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle. USDA Forest Service FHTET-1998-17 2nd Ed.

Selected References

The following references were selected to provide the reader with a good overview of the literature relevant to the biology and biological control of yellow starthistle.

General: Biological Control

• DeBach, P. and D. Rosen, eds. 1991. Biological control by natural enemies. 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge and New York.
  
  
• Harley, K.L.S. and I.W. Forno, eds. 1992. Biological control of weeds: a handbook for practitioners and students. Inkata Press, Melbourne and Sydney.
  
  
• James, L.F., J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs and R.D. Child, eds. 1991. Noxious range weeds. Westview Press, Boulder Co.
  
  
• Maddox, D., R. Sobhian, D.B. Joley, A. Mayfield and D. Supkoff. 1986. New biological control for yellow starthistle. Calif. Agric. 40 (11 and 12):4-5.
  
  
• McFadyen, R.E.C. 1998. Biological Control of Weeds. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 369-393.
  
  
• Randall, J.M. 1996. Weed control for the preservation of biological diversity. Weed Technol. 10: 370-383.
  
  
• Rees, N.E., P.C. Quimby, Jr., G.L. Piper, E. Coombs, C.E. Turner, N.R. Spencer and L.V. Knutson, eds. 1996. Biological control of weeds in the west. Western Society of Weed Science.
  
  
• Sheley, R.L., T.J. Svejcar and B.D. Maxwell. 1996. A theoretical framework for developing successional weed management strategies on rangeland. Weed Technol. 1 a: 766-773.
  
  
• Shishkoff, N.; Bruckart, W.L. 1996. Water stress and damage caused by Puccinia jaceae on two Centaurea species. Biological control : theory and applications in pest management, v. 6 (1), p. 57-63.
  
  
• Smith, L.; Balciunas, J.; Pitcairn, M.J. 2001. Biological control of yellow starthistle. Proceedings: Annual California Weed Science Society, v. 53, p. 105-106.
  
  
• Stelljes, K.B. 1999. Weevil gets upper hand with unruly weed. Agricultural research, v. 47 (2), p. 22.
  
  
• Valenzuela-Valenzuela, J.M.; Lownds, N.K.; Sterling, T.M. 2001. Clopyralid uptake, translocation, metabolism, and ethylene induction in picloram-resistant yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 71 (1), p. 11-19.
  
  
• Van den Bosch, R., P.S. Messenger and A.P. Gutierrez. 1982. An introduction to biological control. Plenum Press, N.Y.
  
  
• Van Driesche, R.G. and T.S. Bellows, Jr. 1996. Biological Control. Chapman and Hall, N.Y.
  
  
• Whitson, T.D., L.C. Burrill, S.A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee and R.C. Parker, eds. 1991. Weeds of the west. Western Society of Weed Science, Laramie, WY.
  
  

Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.)

• Benefield, C.B.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Kyser, G.B. 1998. Impacts of yellow starthistle density on the soil moisture profile and rangeland management. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, v. 51, p. 66-67.
  
  
• Benefield, C.B.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Kyser, G.B.; A. Tschohl. 2001. Reproductive biology of yellow starthistle: maximizing late-season control. Weed science, v. 49 (1), p. 83-90.
  
  
• Bruckart, W.L.; Eskandari, F. 2002. Factors affecting germination of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis teliospores from yellow starthistle. Phytopathology, v. 92 (4), p. 355-360.
  
  
• Callihan, R.H., T.S. Prather, and F. E. Northam. 1993. Longevity of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) achenes in soil. Weed Technol 7: 33-35.
  
  
• Callihan, R.H., F.E. Northam, J.B. Johnson, E.L. Michalson and T.S. Prather. 1989. Yellow starthistle: biology and management in pasture and rangeland. Univ. Idaho College of Agric. Coop. Ext. Serv. Curr. Info. Ser., No.634.
  
  
• Carrithers, V.F.; Gaiser, D.R.; Duncan, C.; Horton, D. 1997. Seed germination of yellow starthistle and spotted knapweed after treatment with picloram or clopyralid. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, v. 50, p. 39-40.
  
  
• Clement, S. L. 1990. Insect natural enemies of yellow starthistle in southern Europe and the \ selection of candidate biological control agents. Environ. Entomol. 19:1882-88.
  
  
• Cordy, D.R. 1978. Centaurea species and equine nigropallial encephalomalcia. In: Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Keeler, R.F. (Eds: van Kampen, K.R. and L.F. James)(eds.) Academic Press, New York, 327-336.
  
  
• DiTomaso, J.M.; Kyser, G.B.; Hastings, M.S. 1999. Prescribed burning for control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and enhanced native plant diversity. Weed science, v. 47 (2), p. 233-242.
  
  
• DiTomaso, J.M.; Orloff, S.B.; Kyser, G.B.; Nader, G.A. 1998. Influence of timing and chemical control on yellow starthistle. Proceedings: Annual California Weed Science Society, v. 50, p. 190-193.
  
  
• Enloe, S.F.; DiTomaso, J.M. 2001. Ecological deception: pulling the trigger on yellow starthistle seed germination. Proceedings: Annual California Weed Science Society, v. 53, p. 32-33.
  
  
• Enloe, S.; DiTomaso, J.; Orloff, S.; Drake, D. 1999. Integrated management of Yellow starthistle on California rangelands. Proceedings: Annual California Weed Science Society, v. 51, p. 24-27.
  
  
• Enloe, S.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Orloff, S.; Drake, D. 1999. Selective yellow starthistle managemaent and revegetation strategies for annual rangelands. Proceedings: Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference, (20th), p. 29-32.
  
  
• Fuerst, E.P.; Sterling, T.M.; Norman, M.A.; Prather, T.S.; Irzyk, G.P.; Wu, Y.; Lownds, N.K.; Callihan, R.H. 1996. Physiological characterization of picloram resistance in yellow starthistle. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, v. 56 (2), p. 149-161.
  
  
• Gaiser, D.R.; Carrithers, V.F.; Duncan, C. 1997. Efficacy of picloram or clopyralid applications at three timings on spotted knapweed or yellow starthistle. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, v. 50, p. 42-44.
  
  
• Jette, C..; Connett, J..; McCaffrey, J.P.; Bell-Randall, C..; Kuykendall, C..; Lake, L. 1999. Biology and biological control agents of yellow starthistle. Morgantown, WV : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.
  
  
• Joley, D.B., D.M. Maddox, D.M. Supkoff and A. Mayfield. 1992. Dynamics of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) achenes in field and laboratory. Weed Sci. 40: 190-194.
  
  
• Lanini, W.T., C. Thomsen, T.S. Prather, C.E. Turner, M.J. Smith, C.L. Elmore, M. Vayssieres and W.A. Williams. 1994. Yellow starthistle. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res., Pest Notes No.3.
  
  
• Larson, L.; Kiemnec, G. 1997. Differential germination by dimorphic achenes of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) under water stress. Journal of arid environments, v. 37 (1), p. 107-114.
  
  
• Lass, L.W.; Shafii, B.; Price, W.J.; Thill, D.C. 2000. Assessing agreement in multispectral images of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) with ground truth data using a bayesian methodology. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America, v. 14 (3), p. 539-544.
  
  
• Maddox, D.M. 1981. Introduction, phenology, and density of yellow starthistle in coastal, intercoastal, and central valley situations in California. USDA-ARS ARR-W-20.
  
  
• Miller, T.W.; Shinn, S.L.; Callihan, R.H.; Lass, L.W.; Thill, D.C. 1998. Livestock trampling of grass seedings for enhanced establishment on yellow starthistle-infested rangelands. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, v. 51, p. 114-116.
  
  
• Roche, B.F., Jr. 1992. Achene dispersal in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) Northwest. Sci. 66: 62-65.
  
  
• Roche, C.T., D.C. Thill. 2001. Biology of common crupina and yellow starthistle, two Mediterranean winter annual invaders in western North America. Weed science, v. 49 (4), p. 439-447.
  
  
• Roche, C.T., D.C. Thill.; B. Shafii. 1997. Reproductive phenology in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Weed science, v. 45 (6), p. 763-770.
  
  
• Roche, C. T., G. R. White. 2000. Managing yellow starthistle in southwestern Oregon. Oregon State University. Extension Service. Corvallis, Or.
  
  
• 
  Sabba, R.P.; Sterling, T.M.; Lownds, N.K. 1998. Effect of picloram on resistant and susceptible yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis): the role of ethylene. Weed science, v. 46 (3), p. 297-300.
  
  
• Schoenig, S.; Queheillalt, A.; Shields, L. 2000. Cooperative Sierra yellow starthistle mapping and assessment project. Proceedings: Annual California Weed Science Society, (52nd), p. 180.
  
  
• Sheley, R.L.; L.L. Larson, 1994. Observation: comparative live-history of cheatgrass and yellow starthistle. Journal of range management, Nov v. 47 (6), p. 450-456.
  
  
• Sheley, R.L., L.L. Larson. 1997. Cheatgrass and yellow starthistle growth at 3 soil depths. Journal of range management, v. 50 (2), p. 146-150.
  
  
• Shinn, S.L.; Thill, D.C. 2002. The response of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), annual grasses, and smooth brome (Bromus inermis) to imazapic and picloram. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America, v. 16 (2), p. 366-370.
  
  
• Sterling, T.M.; Lownds, N.K.; Murray, L.W. 2001. Picloram-resistant and -susceptible yellow starthistle accessions have similar competitive ability. Weed science, v. 49 (1), p. 42-47.
  
  
• Sun, M. 1997. Population genetic structure of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), a colonizing weed in the western United States. Canadian journal of botany (Journal canadien de botanique), v. 75 (9), p. 1470-1478.
  
  
• Sun, M.; Ritland, K. 1998. Mating system of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), a successful colonizer in North America. Heredity : an international journal of genetics, v. 80 (pt.2), p. 225-232.
  
  
• Thomsen, C.D., W.A. Williams, W. Olkowski; D.W. Pratt. 1996. Grazing, mowing and clover plantings control yellow starthistle. The IPM practitioner : the newsletter of integrated pest management, v. 18 (2), p. 1-4.
  
  
• Thomsen, C. D., W. A. Williams, M. P. Vayssieres, C. E. Turner and W. T. Lanini. 1996. Yellow starthistle biology and control. University of California. Publication 21541.Woods, D. M., (ed.) 1997. Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 1996. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Sacramento, California.
  
  
• Turner, C.E., J.B. Johnson and J.P. McCaffrey. 1994. Yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae). In: Biological Control in the United States; Western Region: Accomplishments and Benefits of Regional Research Project W-84 (1964-1989). University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
  
  
• Woo, I.; Swiadon, L.; Drlik, T.; Quarles, W. 1999. Integrated management of yellow starthistle. The IPM practitioner : the newsletter of integrated pest management, v. 21 (7), p. 1-10.
  
  
• Zimmerman, John R.; Johnson, Wayne S.; Eiswerth, Mark E. 2001. Yellow starthistle control in Nevada. Nevada Cooperative Extension. Reno, Nev.
  
  

Bangasternus orientalis

• Clement, S. l. 1990. Insect natural enemies of yellow starthistle in southern Europe and the selection of candidate biological control agents. Environ. Entomol. 19:1882-88.
  
  
• Campobasso, G.; Sobhian, R.; Knutson, L.; Terragitti, G. 1998. Host specificity of Bangasternus orientalis Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) introduced into the United States for biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae: Carduae). Environmental entomology,. v. 27 (6), p. 1525-1530.
  
  
• Maddox, D.M. 1985. A petition for the importation into quarantine and subsequent release in the United States, of the weevil Bangasternus orientalis Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a candidate natural enemy for the biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.).
  
  
• Maddox, D.M., D.B. Joley, A. Mayfield and B.E. Mackey. 1991. Impact of Bangasternus orientalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on achene production of Centaurea solstitialis (Asterales: Asteraceae) at a low and high elevation site in California. Environ. Entomol. 20: 335-337.
  
  
• Maddox, D. M., and R. Sobhian. 1987. Field experiment to determine host specificity and oviposition behavior of Bangasternus orientalis and Bangasternus fausti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), biological control candidates for yellow starthistle and diffuse yellow starthistle. Environ. Entomol. 16: 645-648.
  
  
• Maddox, D.M., R. Sobhian, D.B. Joley, A. Mayfield and D. Supkoff. 1986. New Biocontrol for yellow starthistle. Calif. Agric. 40(1 &2):4-6.
  
  
• Sobhian, R., and H. Zwolfer. 1985. Phytophagous insect species associated with flower heads of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Z. Angew. Entomol. 99:301-321
  
  
• Sobhian, R. G. Campobasso and P.H. Dunn. 1992. Contribution to the biology of Bangasternus orientalis Capiomont (Col., Curculionidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 113:93-102.
  
  

Chaetorellia australis

• Maddox, D.M.; A. Mayfield and C.E. Turner. 1990. Host specificity of Chaetorellia australis (Diptera, Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis, Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 92: 426-430.
  
  
• Pittara, 1.5. and B. I. Katsoyannos. 1990. Evidence for a host-marking pheromone in Chaetorellia australis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 54: 287-295.
  
  
• Pittara, 1.5. and B.I. Katsoyannos. 1991. Oviposition behavior, longevity, fecundity and fertility of Chaetorellia australis Hering (Diptera, Tephritidae). Bulletin De La Societe Entomologique Suisse 64: 59-66.
  
  
• Turner, C.E., G.L. Piper and E.M. Coombs. 1996. Chaetorellia australis (Diptera: Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis (Compositae), in the western USA: establishment and seed destruction. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86: 1 77-182.
  
  

Chaetorellia succinea

• Balciunas, J.K.; Villegas, B. 2001. Unintentionally released Chaetorellia succinea (Diptera: Tephritidae): is this natural enemy of yellow starthistle a threat to safflower growers? Environmental entomology, v. 30 (5), p. 953-963.
  
  

Eustenopus villosus

• Clement, S.L. and R. Sobhian. 1991. Host-use patterns of capitulum-feeding insects of yellow starthistle: results from a garden plot in Greece. Environ. Entomol. 20(2):724-30.
  
  
• Connett, J. F. 1997. Eustenopus villosus: Its phenological synchrony with Centaurea solstitialis and its feeding and oviposition behavior. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho.
  
  
• Connett, J.F.; Wilson, L.M.; McCaffrey, J.P.; Harmon, B.L. 2001. Phenological synchrony of Eustenopus villosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Centaurea solstitialis in Idaho. Environmental entomology, v. 30 (2), p. 439-442.
  
  
• Fornasari, L., C.E. Turner and L.A. Andres. 1991. Eustenopus vil1osus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae} for biological control of yellow starthistle (Asteraceae: Cardueae} in North America. Environ. Entomol. 20(4}:1189-94.
  
  
• Fornasari, L., and R. Sobhain. 1993. Life history of Eustenopus villosus (Coleoptera’ Curculionidae), a promising biological control agent for yellow starthistle. Environ. Entomol. 22: 684-692.
  
  
• Roche, C.T.; Harmon, B.L.; Wilson, L.M.; McCaffrey, J.P. 2001. Eustenopus villosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding of herbicide-resistant yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Biological control : theory and applications in pest management, v. 20 (3), p. 279-286.
  
  
• Turner, C.E. and L. Fornasari. 1992. Biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstialis L.) in North America. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Delfosse, E.S. and R.R. Scott, eds. 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
  
  

Larinus curtus

• Clement, S. L. 1990. Insect natural enemies of yellow starthistle in southern Europe and the selection of candidate biological control agents. Environ. Entomol. 19:1882-88.
  
  
• Fornasari, L. and C.E. Turner. 1992. Host specificity of the Paleartic weevil Larinus curtus Hochut (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a natural enemy of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae: Cardueae). In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 2-7 February 1992. Lincoln University, Canter- 1bury, New Zealand, 385-391.
  
  
• Sobhian, R.; Fornasari, L. 1994. Biology of Larinus curtus Hochhut (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a European weevil for biological control of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), in the United States. Biological control: theory and applications in pest management, v. 4 (4), p. 328-335.
  
  

Urophora sirunaseva

• Clement,. L. 1990. Insect natural enemies of yellow starthistle in southern Europe and the selection of candidate biological control agents. Environ. Entomol. 19:1882-88.
  
  
• Sobhian, R. 1993. Life history and host specificity of Urophora sirunaseva (Herng)(Dipt., Tephritidae), an agent for biological control of yellow starthistle, with remarks on the host plant. J. Appl. Entomol. 116: 381-390.
  
  
• Turner, C. E. 1994. Host specificity and oviposition of Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a natural enemy of yellow starthistle, pp. 31-36. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 96(1 ): 31-36.
  
  
• Turner, C. E., R. Sobhian, D. B. Joley, E. M. Coombs and G. L. Piper. 1994. Establishment of Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle in the western United States. Pan. Pac. Entomol. 70: 206-211.
  
  
• White, I.M. and S.L. Clement. 1987. Systematic notes on Urophora (Diptera, Tephritidae) species associated with Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae, Cardueae) and other palaeartic weeds adventive in North America, pp. 571-580. In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
  
  

Vegetation Monitoring

• BLM: National Applied Resource Sciences Center, Ed. 1996. Sampling vegetation attributes. Cooperative Extension Service, USDA Forest Service, Natural Re- source Conservation Service, Grazing land Technology Institute and USDI Bureau of land Management. BlM/RS/ST-96/002+1730.
  
  
• Hironaka, M. 1985. Frequency approaches to monitor rangeland vegetation. Proceedings 38th Society Range Management Conference at Salt Lake City, Utah, February 11-15: 84-86.
  
  

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