Invasive and Exotic Species

Selected References

Purple Loosestrife Biology and Ecology

Blossey, B., L. Skinner, and J. Taylor. 2001. Impact and management of purple loosestrife in North America. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 1787-1807.

Correll, D.S. and H.B. Correll. 1995. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southwestern United States. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California.

Cronquist, A., N.H. Holmgren, and P.K. Holmgren. 1997. Intermountain Flora, Vol. 3. New York Botanical Society, New York.

Emery, S.L., and J.A. Perry. 1995. Above-ground biomass and phosphorus concentrations of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) and Typha spp. (cattail) in 12 Minnesota wetlands. American Midland Naturalist 134:394-399.

Emery, S.L., and J.A. Perry. 1996. Decomposition rates and phosphorus concentrations of purple loosestrife (L. salicaria) and cattail (Typha spp.) in fourteen Minnesota wetlands. Hydrobiologia 323: 129-138.

Farnesworth, E.J., and D.R. Ellis. 2001. Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics. Wetlands. 21: 199-209.

Heidorn, R., and B. Anderson. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.). Natural Areas Journal 11(3): 172-173.

Holmgren, N.H. 1998. Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist’s manual: Illustrations of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Society. New York.

Gabor, T. S., T. Haagsma, and H.R. Murkin. 1996. Wetland plant responses to varying degrees of purple loosestrife removal in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Wetlands 16: 95-98.

Grout, J.A., C.D. Levings, and J.S. Richardson. 1997. Decomposition rates of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and Lyngbyei’s sedge (Carex lyngbyei) in the Fraser River Estuary. Estuaries 20: 96-102.

Mal, T.K., J. Lovett-Doust, and L. Lovett-Doust. 1997. Time-dependent competitive displacement of Typha angustifolia by L. salicaria. Oikos 79: 26-33.

Mal, T. K., J. Lovett-Doust, L. Lovett-Doust, and F. A. Mulligan. 1992. The biology of Canadian weeds. Article 100: Lythrum salicaria. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72: 1305-1330.

McCaughey, T.L., and G. Stephenson. 2000. Time from flowering to seed viability in purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Aquatic Botany 66: 57-68.

Nötzold, R., B. Blossey, and E. Newton. 1998. The influence of below-ground herbivory and plant competition on growth and biomass allocation of purple loosestrife. Oecologia 113: 82-93.

Nyvall, R.F. 1995. Fungi associated with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Minnesota. Mycologia 87: 501-506.

Rawinski, T.J., and R.A. Malecki. 1984. Ecological relationships among purple loosestrife, cattail and wildlife at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. New York Fish and Game Journal 31: 81-87.

Stamm-Katovitch, E.J., R.L. Becker, C.C. Sheaffer, and J.L. Halgerson. 1998. Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate levels in roots and crowns of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Weed Science 46: 540-544.

Stevens, K.J., R.L. Peterson, and G.R. Stephenson. 1997. Vegetative propagation and the tissues involved in the lateral spread of Lythrum salicaria. Aquatic Botany. 56: 11-24.

Thompson, D.Q., R.L. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson. 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife (L. salicaria) in North American wetlands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research Report No. 2. Washington D.C.

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai’i. University of Hawai’i Press. Honolulu, Hawaii.

Weihe, P.E., and R.K. Neely. 1997. The effects of shading on competition between purple loosestrife and broad-leaved cattail. Aquatic Botany 59:127-138.

Welling, C.H., and R.L. Becker. 1990. Seed bank dynamics of Lythrum salicaria L.: implications for control of this species in North America. Aquatic Botany 38: 303-309.

Welling, C.H., and R.L. Becker. 1993. Reduction of purple loosestrife establishment in Minnesota wetlands. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21: 56-64.

Whitt, M.B., H.H. Prince, and R.R. Cox, Jr. 1999. Avian use of purple loosestrife dominated habitat relative to other vegetation types in a Lake Huron wetland complex. Wilson Bulletin 111: 105-114.

Wilcox, D.A. 1989. Migration and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) along highway corridors. Environmental Management 13 (3): 365-370.

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