Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed

Wilson, L. M. and C. B. Randall. 2003. Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed. USDA-Forest Service FHTET-2001-07. 2nd Edition.

Selected References

The following references were selected to give the reader a good overview of literature relevant to the biology and biological control of knapweed. For a more comprehensive list of references, see Story and Smith (2000).

Insects

Agapeta zoegana

Bobylev, M. M., L. I. Bobyleva, and G. A. Strobel. 1996. Synthesis and bioactivity of analogs of maculosin, a host-specific phtotoxin produced by Alternaria alternata on spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). J. Agric. and Food Chem. 44: 3960-3964.

Fitzpatrick, S. M. 1989. A potential collection method for Agapeta zoegana (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), a knapweed-root-feeding moth. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 86: 55-62.

Müller, H. and D. Schroeder. 1982. Investigations on Agapeta zoegana L. (Lep. Cochylidae), a possible biocontrol agent of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. (Compositae) in Canada. Final Report, Commonw. Inst. Biol. Cont., Delemont

Müller, H., D. Schroeder, and A. Gassmann. 1988. Agapeta zoegana (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), a suitable prospect for biological control of spotted and diffuse knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Monnet de la Marck and C. diffusa Monnet de la Marck (Compositae) in North America. Can. Entomol 120: 109-124.

Powell, G. W., B. M. Wikeem, and A. Sturko. 2000. Biology of Agapeta zoegana (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), propagated for the biological control of knapweeds (Asteraceae). Can. Entomol. 132: 223-230.

Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, and W. R. Good. 1991. First report of the establishment of Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) on spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, in the United States. Canadian Entomologist 123(2): 411-412.

Story, J. M., W. R. Good, and L.W. White. 1994. Propagation of Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) for biological control of spotted knapweed: procedures and cost. Biological Control. 4: 145-148.

Story, J. M., W. R. Good, L. J. White, and L. Smith. 2000. Effects of the interaction of the biocontrol agent, Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), and grass competition on spotted knapweed. Biological Control 17: 182-190.

Sturdevant, N. J. and Kegley, S. J. 2000. How to select optimal sites for the establishment of Agapeta zoegana and Cyphocleonus achates, two root-feeding insects of spotted knapweed. USDA For. Serv. Northern Region Report R1-00-25.

Sturdevant, N. J. and Kegley, S. J. 2000. How to monitor knapweed biological control root-feeding insects: Agapeta zoegana and Cyphocleonus achates. USDA For. Serv. Northern Region Report R1-00-26.

Bangasternus fausti

Campobasso, G., R. Sobhian, L. Knutson, and G. Terragitti. 1998. Host specificity of Bangasternus orientalis Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) introduced into the United States for biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae: Carduae). Environ. Entomol. 27(6): 1525-1530.

Sobhian, R., G. Campobasso, and P. H. Dunn. 1992. Biology of Bangasternus fausti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), and its effect on the host plant. Entomophaga 37(1): 50-58.

Sobhian, R., G. Campobasso, and P. H. Dunn. 1992. A contribution to the biology of Bangasternus fausti (Col.:Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa, and its effect on the host plant. Entomophaga 37: 171-179.

Chaetorellia acrolophi

Groppe, K. and K. Marquardt. 1989. Chaetorellia acrolophi White and Marquardt (Diptera: Tephritidae), a suitable candidate for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America. CAB International Institute of Biological Control Report.

Cyphocleonus achates

Stinson, C. S. A. 1987. Investigations on Cyphocleonus achates (Fahr.) (Col.: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) and diffuse knapweed (C. diffusa Lam.) (Compositae) in North America. CAB International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, Report. 37 pp.

Stinson, C. S. A., D. Schroeder, and K. Marquardt. 1994. Investigations on Cyphocleonus achates (Fahr.) (Col., Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) and diffuse knapweed (C. diffusa Lam.) (Compositae) in North America. J. Appl. Entomol. 117: 35-50.

Story, J. M., W. R. Good, and L. J. White. 1997. First report of the establishment of Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, in the United States. Canadian Entomologist. 129(2): 373-374.

Story, J. M., L. J. White, and W. R. Good. 1996. Propagation of Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for biological control of spotted knapweed: procedures and cost. Biological Control. 7: 167-171.

Wikeem, B. M. and G. W. Powell. 1999. Biology of Cyphocleonus achates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), propagated for the biological control of knapweeds (Asteraceae). Can. Entomol. 131: 243-250.

Larinus minutus

Groppe, K. 1990. Larinus minutus Gyll. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a suitable candidate for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America. Report. CAB International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, Delemont, Switzerland.

Jordan, K. 1995. Host specificity of Larinus minutus Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae), and agent introduced for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America. J. Appl. Ent. 119: 689-693.

Kashefi, J. M. and R. Sobhian. 1998. Notes on the biology of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae), an agent for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweeds. J. Appl. Ent. 122: 547-549.

Lang, R. F., J. M. Story, and G. L. Piper. 1996. Establishment of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in the western United States. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 72: 209-212.

Larinus obtusus

Groppe, K. 1992. Larinus obtusus Gyll. (Col: Curculionidae), a candidate for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed. CAB International Institute of Biological Control Final Report.

Metzneria paucipunctella

Harris, P. and A. Muir. 1986. Biological control of spotted knapweed by Metzneria paucipunctella (Zeller). Canadex 641.613, Agric. Canada. 2 p.

Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, W. R. Good and R. M. Nowierski. 1989. The seed moth, Metzneria paucipunctella: Its impact on spotted knapweed seed production and two seed head flies, Urophora spp, pp.172-174. In P.K. Fay and J.R. Lacey (editors), Proceedings of the 1989 Knapweed Symposium, April 4-5, 1989, Bozeman, Mt. Plant and Soil Department and Extension Service, Montana Sate University, Bozeman, Montana.

Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, W. R. Good, P. Harris and R. M. Nowierski. 1991. Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a moth introduced against spotted knapweed: its feeding strategy and impact on two introduced Urophora spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Can. Entomol. 123: 1001-1007.

Pelochrista medullana

Gassmann, A., D. Schroeder, and H. Muller. 1982. Investigations on Pelochrista medullana (Stgr.) (Lep.: Tortricidae), a possible biocontrol agent of diffuse and spotted knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and C. maculosa Lam. (Compositae) in North America. Final Report, CAB, Delemont, Switzerland.

Pterolonche inspersa

Campobasso, G., R. Sobhian, L. Knutson, A. C. Pastorino , and P. H. Dunn. 1994. Biology of Pterolonche inspersa (Lep.: Pterolonchidae), a biological control agent for Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa in the United States. Entomophaga 39: 377-384.

Dunn, P. and G. Campobasso. 1989. Host damage by Pterolonche inspersa (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) and Bangasternus fausti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), p. 171. In Delfosse, E. S. (ed.), Proc. VII. Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 6-11 March 1988, Rome, Italy.

Dunn, P. H., S. S. Rosenthal, G. Campobasso, and S. M. Tait. 1989. Host specificity of Pterolonche inspersa (Lep.: Pterolonchidae) and its potential as a biological control agent for Centaurea diffusa, diffuse knapweed and C. maculosa, spotted knapweed. Entomophaga 34: 435-446.

Sphenoptera jugoslavica

Lang, R. F., G. L. Piper, and E. M. Coombs. 1998. Establishment and redistribution of Sphenoptera jugoslavica Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) for biological control of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lamarck) in the midwestern and western United States. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 74:27-31.

Powell, R. D. and P. Harris. 1986. Biological control of diffuse knapweed by Sphenoptera jugoslavica (Obenb.). Canadex 641-613. Agriculture Canada.

Powell, R. D. and J. H. Myers. 1988. The effect of Sphenoptera jugoslavica Obenb. (Col., Buprestidae) on its host plant Centaurea diffusa Lam. (Compositae). Journal of Applied Entomology 106: 25-45.

Terellia virens

Groppe, K. and K. Marquardt. 1989. Terellia virens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a suitable candidate for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America. CAB International Institute of Biological Control Report.

Marquardt, K. 1988. Terellia virens (Loew.) and Chaetorellia spec. nov. (Dipt., Tephritidae), two new candidates for the biological control of Centaurea maculosa Lam. and C. diffusa Lam. (Compositae) in North America. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 6(4-6): 306-310.

Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata

Berube, D. E. 1980. Interspecific competition between Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera:Tephritidae) for ovipositional sites on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa: Compositae). J. Appl. Entomol. 90(3): 299-306.

Berube, D. E. and J. H. Myers. 1983. Reproductive isolation between Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(4): 787-791.

Gillespie, R. L. 1983. Bionomics of Urophora affinis Fraunenfeld, and U. quadrifasciata Meigen (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Idaho. M. S. thesis. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow. 90 pp.

Harris, P. 1986. Biological control of knapweed with Urophora affinis (Frfld.). Canadex 641.613. Agric. Canada. 2 p.

Harris, P. 1986. Biological control of knapweed with Urophora quadrifasciata Mg. Canadex 641.613. Agric. Canada. 2 p.

Mays, W. T. and L. T. Kok. 1996. Establishment and dispersal of Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Metzneria paucipunctella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in southwestern Virginia. Biological Control. 6: 299-305.

McCaffrey, J. P. and R. H. Callihan. 1988. Compatibility of picloram and 2,4-D with Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for spotted knapweed control. Environmental Entomology 17(5): 785-788.

Meyers, J. H. and P. Harris. 1980. Distribution of Urophora galls in flower heads of diffuse and spotted knapweed in British Columbia. J. Appl. Ecol. 17: 359-367.

Myers, J. H. and P. Harris. 1980. Distribution of Urophora galls in flower heads of diffuse and spotted knapweed in British Columbia. J. Appl. Ecol. 17:359-367.

Shorthouse, J. D. 1977. Developmental morphology of Urophora affinis galls, p. 188-195. In Proc. Knapweed Symposium, Kamloops, British Columbia, October 6-7, 1977. Brit. Colum. Ministry of Agric., Victoria, B. C., Canada.

Shorthouse, J. D. 1989. Modification of flowerheads of diffuse knapweed by the gall-inducers Urophora affinis and Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 221-228. In Delfosse, E. S. (ed.), Proc. VII. Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 6-11 March 1988, Rome, Italy.

Shorthouse, J. D. 1977. Developmental morphology of Urophora quadrifasciata galls, pp. 196-201. In Proc. Knapweed Symposium, Kamloops, British Columbia, October 6-7, 1977. Brit. Colum. Ministry of Agric., Victoria, B. C., Canada.

Story, J. M. 1977. Effects of Urophora affinis on spotted knapweed seed production in Montana. pp. 208-209. In Proc. Knapweed Symposium, Kamloops, British Columbia, October 6-7, 1977. Brit. Colum. Ministry of Agric., Victoria, B.C., Canada.

Story, J. M. 1977. Establishment, increase and dispersal of Urophora affinis in Montana, p. 202-205. In Proc. Knapweed Symposium, Kamloops, British Columbia, October 6-7, 1977. Brit. Colum. Ministry of Agric., Victoria, B.C., Canada.

Story, J. M. 1984. Collection and redistribution of Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata for biological control of spotted knapweed. Montana Coop. Ext. Service. Circular No. 308. 9 p.

Story, J. M. and N. L. Anderson. 1978. Release and establishment of Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on spotted knapweed in western Montana. Environ. Entomol. 7: 445-448.

Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, and W. R. Good. 1988. Optimal timing of 2,4-D applications for compatibility with Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for control of spotted knapweed. Environ. Entomol. 17: 911-914.

Wheeler, A. G. 1995. Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), an introduced seedhead fly new to midwestern North America. The Great Lakes Entomologist 28: 235-236.

Knapweed

Baker, L. O. 1980. Competition from spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) on Montana rangeland. Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science 33: 49-50.

Callaway, R. M., T. H. Deluca, and W. M. Belliveau. 1999. Biological-control herbivores may increase competitive ability of the noxious weed Centaurea maculosa. Ecology 80: 1196-1201.

Davis, E. S., P. K. Fay, T. K. Chicoine, and C. A. Lacey. 1993. Persistence of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) seed in soil. Weed Sci. 41: 57-61.

Muller-Scharer, H. 1991. The impact of root herbivory as a function of plant density and competition: survival, growth and fecundity of Centaurea maculosa in field plots. J. Applied Ecol. 28:759-776.

Muller-Scharer, H. and D. Schroeder. 1993. The biological control of Centaurea spp. in North America: Do insects solve the problem? Pestic. Sci. 37:343-353.

Maddox, D. M. 1982. Biological control of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Sci. 30: 76-82.

Nolan, D. O. and M. K. Upadhyaya. 1988. Primary seed dormancy in diffuse and spotted knapweed. Can. J. Plant Sci. 68:775-783.

Roché, C. 1999. Squarrose knapweed, pp. 362-371. In R. Sheley and J Petroff (eds.); Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State Univ. Press.

Roché, B. F., Jr., G. L. Piper, and C. J. Talbott. 1986. Knapweeds of Washington, Washington State Cooperative Extension Service Bull. EB1393. 41 p.

Roché, B. F., Jr. and C. T. Roché. 1991. Identification, introduction, distribution, ecology, and economics of Centaurea species, pp. 274-291. In L. F. James, J. O. Evans, M. H. Ralphs and R. D. Child (eds.), Noxious Range Weeds. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Roche

Roché, C. and L. C. Burrill. 1992. Squarrose knapweed Centaurea virgata Lam. ssp. squarrosa Gugl. Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension Publication PNW422. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis.

Roché, C. T. and B. F. Roche, Jr. 1991. Meadow Knapweed Invasion in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada. Northwest Science 65(1): 53-61.

Roché, B. F., Jr. and C. T. Roché. 1999. Diffuse knapweed, pp. 217-230. In R. Sheley and J. Petroff (eds.); Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State Univ. Press.

Rosenthal, S. S., G. Campobasso, L. Fornasari, R. Sobhian, and C. E. Turner. 1992. Biological control of Centaurea spp., pp. 292-302. In L. F. James, J. O. Evans, M. H. Ralphs, R. D. Child (eds), Noxious Range Weeds. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Spears, B. M., S. T. Rose, and W. S. Belles. 1980. Effect of canopy cover, seedling depth, and soil moisture on emergence of Centaurea maculosa and C. diffusa. Weed Res. 20: 87-90

Steinger, T. and H. Muller-Scharer. 1992. Physiological and growth responses of Centaurea maculosa (Asteraceae) to root herbivory under varying levels of interspecific plant competition and soil nitrogen availability. Oecologia. 91: 141-149.

Sheley, R. L and J. S. Jacobs. 1997. Response of spotted knapweed and grass to picloram and fertilizer combinations. J. Range Manage. 50: 263-267.

Sheley, R. L. and L. L. Larson. 1995. Interference between cheatgrass and yellow starthistle at 3 soil depths. Journal of Range Management 48(5): 392-397.

Sheley, R. L., J. S. Jacobs and M. L. Carpinelli. 1999. Spotted knapweed, pp. 350-361 in R. Sheley and J. Petroff (eds.) Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State Univ. Press.

Story, J. M., and L. Smith. 2000. Bibliography of yellow starthistle, spotted knapweed, Russian knapweed and other weedy knapweeds. CD ROM, USDA-ARS.

Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, and D. R Graham. 1989. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on spotted knapweed and competing vegetation in western Montana. J. Range Management 42(3): 222-225.

Watson, A. K. and A. J. Renney. 1974. The biology of Canadian weeds, 6. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54: 687-701.

General

APHIS. 1994. Biological control of spotted and diffuse knapweeds. USDA, Animal Health Inspection Service. Program Aid No. 1529. 15 p.

Berube, D. E. and J. H. Myers. 1982. Suppression of knapweed invasion by crested wheat grass in the dry interior of British Columbia. Journal of Range Management 35: 459-461

Harris, P. 1989. Feeding Strategy, Coexistance and Impact of Insects in Spotted Knapweed Capitula, pp. 39-47. In Delfosse, E. S. (ed.), Proc. VII. Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 6-11 March 1988, Rome, Italy.

Maddox, D. M. 1979. The knapweeds: Their economics and biological control in the western states, U.S.A. Rangelands 1(4): 139-143.

McCaffrey, J. P., R. P. Wight, R. L. Stoltz, R. H. Callihan, and D. W. Kidder. 1988. Collection and redistribution of biological control agents of diffuse and spotted knapweed. Extension Bulletin 680, University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System, Moscow.

McFadyen, R. E. C. 1998. Biological control of weeds. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43:369-393.

Müller, H. and D. Schroeder. 1989. The biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America: What did we learn?, pp. 151-169. In P. K. Fay and J. R. Lacey (eds), Proceedings of the 1989 Knapweed Symposium, April 4-5, 1989, Bozeman, Mt. Plant and Soil Department and Extension Service, Montana Sate University, Bozeman, Montana.

Pearson, D. E., K. S. McKelvey, and L. F. Ruggiero. 2000. Non-target effects of an introduced biological control agent on deer mouse ecology. Oecologia 122: 121-128.

Powell, R. D., C. Risley, and J. H. Myers. 1989. Plant size, seed production, and attack by biological control agents of knapweed in an area of reduced plant density following picloram spraying, pp. 58-66. In P.K. Fay and J.R. Lacey (editors), Proceedings of the 1989 Knapweed Symposium, April 4-5, 1989, Bozeman, Montana. Plant and Soil Department and Extension Service, Montana Sate University, Bozeman, Montana.

Rees, N. E., P. C. Quimby, Jr., G. L. Piper, E. M. Coombs, C. E. Turner, N. R. Spencer and L. V. Knudson (eds.). 1996. Biological Control of Weeds in the West. West. Soc. Weed. Sci., Helena MT.

Wilson, L. M. and J. P. McCaffrey. 1999. Biological Control of Noxious Rangeland Weeds, pp. 97-115. In R. Sheley and J. Petroff (eds.); Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds, Oregon State Univ. Press.

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