| 5484203 |
construction |
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A retaining wall is erected to help preserve a future walkway. |
| 0010071 |
nursery operations |
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Seedlings in fully-enclosed greenhouses are often moved to a shadehouse where the change in temperature and humidity aid the hardening process. Other nurseries remove the greenhouse covering during the latter part of the growing season to expose the crop to ambient conditions. |
| 4723020 |
cultural practices |
|
A fairly typical tropical Pacific island home agroforest, with betel nut palm (center foreground), banana, ti plant, and mango. Koror Island, Republic of Palau. 135 degrees E long.; 7 degrees N lat. |
| 1210023 |
quaking aspen |
Populus tremuloides |
Aspen sere succeeding to conifers, Cuchara Ski Area, southern Colorado |
| 1210022 |
quaking aspen |
Populus tremuloides |
Aspen sere succeeding to conifers, Cuchara Ski Area, southern Colorado |
| 1118188 |
coppice |
|
Coppice, note herbaceous component |
| 1207011 |
Engelmann spruce |
Picea engelmannii |
Planted trees with typical, high-elevation "bushy" appearance in an area planted repeatedly between 1914 and 1932, Salida Ranger District |
| 1207012 |
bristlecone pine |
Pinus aristata |
Short, stunted plantation established between 1914 and 1932, Salida Ranger District |
| 1210055 |
quaking aspen |
Populus tremuloides |
Aspen sere succeeding to conifers, Pikes Peak, Pikes Peak RD, Pike NF |
| 1442249 |
Engelmann spruce |
Picea engelmannii |
Dwarfed form at high elevation |
| 1420072 |
direct seeding |
|
larger seedling (left) was transplanted from nursery, small seedling (right) was direct seeded, both after two growing seasons in field, Compartment 63 of USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama in Dec. 1958 |
| 0016365 |
planting |
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4-year old seedlings grown in sand. On left, roots planted straight with drip fertigation. On right, roots "J" rooted at planting. |
| 1442006 |
clearcut |
|
Natural regeneration 10 years after harvest,
Shoshone National Forest |
| 0010078 |
transplanting |
|
Plug transplants are cultured and harvested exactly the same as bareroot transplant stock. These seedlings have phenomenal growth rates and are preferred by customers that want a large seedling with a fibrous root system. |
| 0010079 |
containers |
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Some customers are concerned about the possibility of poor root development from container seedlings after they are outplanted. This is usually only a problem with stock that has been left too long in the container and has become root-bound, when they are planted with the wrong type of implement, or in heavy clay soils. |
| 0010023 |
rooted/unrooted cuttings |
|
Not all forest and conservation plants can be produced from seed. Some species, such as willow and cottonwood, can be propagated more efficiently with hardwood cuttings. Shoots are collected during the winter dormant period, are cut into sections, and stored under refrigeration until they can be planted the following spring. |
| 0010042 |
nursery operations |
|
In the temperate zone, container crops are scheduled around the summer solstice when solar energy and temperatures promote rapid growth. Although many container nurseries typically grow one crop per season, some can raise 2 or 3 crops by careful scheduling. The first crop is grown in the greenhouse until outdoor conditions mild enough to move it outside. The second crop is sown just before the summer solstice so the seedling can still benefit from the intense sunlight of early summer, and are left in the greenhouse through the fall. |
| 0010047 |
containers |
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The best type of container is a function of available nursery equipment, the species of plant, and the conditions at the outplanting site. Conifer species can be grown in relatively small containers whereas large-leaved hardwoods require larger containers. Seedling customers prefer smaller containers for moist outplanting sites, but demand larger, deeper containers for harsh dry conditions. |
| 0010061 |
nursery operations |
|
Seed germination takes from 2 to 4 weeks and, in the case of multiple seed sowing, many containers have more than one germinant per cell. Most growers feel that oversowing is justified because it is considered more economical to waste a little seed rather than tolerate empty containers which waste valuable growing space. Resowing empty containers is an option, but later-sown seedlings are often overtopped by their neighbors and remain stunted. |
| 0010069 |
nursery operations |
|
At the end of the Rapid Growth Phase, when container seedlings have reached their desired height, the growing environment is changed to initiate the Hardening Phase. |
| 0010070 |
nursery operations |
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The most critical environmental factors for inducing hardiness and dormancy are cooler temperatures, a mild moisture and nutrient stress, and a shorter photoperiod. |
