Title: Forest Pathologist
Organization: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Unit: Division of Forestry
Country: United States

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Image	Subject Name	Scientific Name	Description
4824052	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Sweep net survey - adults collected on agricultural fields planted to pines following peanut production.
4823066	Leptographium root disease	Leptographium procerum	Various insects feeding on roots vector infection. Resin-impregnated soil crusts form at feeding or boring sites. Xylem becomes resin "soaked".
4822053	mistletoes	Phoradendron spp.	clumps developing in tree crown
4823017	hispidus canker	Inonotus hispidus	Old dark colored conk at base of tree
4823094	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Small bracket-like basidiomata (right of pen)at base of infected stump. Note brownish upper surfaces and white margins /undersurfaces.
4823097	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Incipient resinosis with associated clump of resin-impregnated soil around infected root.
4823096	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	3/4 of vascular tissue resin soaked (note discoloration).
4823033	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	needle lesions with linear black perithecial stromata developing in the necrotic areas
4823064	Rhizosphaera needle cast	Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii	Conidiomata emerging from stomatal pores of a necrotic needle.
4823023	frost and winter injury (general)		resprouts on freeze-damaged stems
4825028	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	rough bark at root collar.
4824059	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Wilting and discoloration of infected seedlings.
4824026	Diplodia tip blights	Diplodia spp.	D. pini causing branch flagging.
4824027	Diplodia tip blights	Diplodia spp.	D. pini causing a resinous stem canker
4823069	ectomycorrhizae	Pisolithus tinctorius	Sporocarp in bareroot nursery bed. Munson Forest Nursery, Florida USA
4823056	pine needle cast	Lophodermella cerina	Hysterothecia, small (1-2 mm), black elongated fruting bodies which produce ascospores, on necrotic needles. Also present are the smaller conidiomata.
4823034	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Infected older foliage of grass stage seedling. New needles at top of plant are not yet infected.
4822063	ash rusts	Puccinia sparganioides	Leaf distortion, petiole hypertrophy and distinctive pycnia and aecial "cluster cup" with orange-yellow aeciospores proliferating from the surface of infected tissue.
4823018	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Advanced wood decay. Note the distinct, narrow darkened zones of sound wood at the martgins of the decayed wood.
4823032	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	typical lesions
4822074	pine needle rusts	Coleosporium spp.	Yellow-orange fissures develop in late spring on infected needles.
4822076	pine needle rusts	Coleosporium spp.	Aeciospores which are wind dissminated from the pine needles to the alternate aster or goldenrod host
4822040	Dutch elm disease	Ophiostoma ulmi	Foliage wilting, flagging (yellow), defoliation, and crown dieback
4822075	pine needle rusts	Coleosporium spp.	Aecia on needles
4822090	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Red-orange spherical perithecia wich occur singly or in clusters in the fissured bark of infected stems
4822070	powdery mildew	Microsphaera penicillata	cleistothecium with white branched appendages which produce ascospores
4822058	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Mortality of upper main stem
4822031	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Cushion/pad-like structure (an apparent sporocarp initial) at branch stub. Note sap running from decay site
4824080	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Basal swelling at root collar.
4824090	pine tip blight		Tip Blight caused by a variety of fungi: Fusarium spp., Lasiodiplodia (Diplodia) spp., Macrophomina phaseolina. Occurs when shoot tips are succlent and rapidly growing. "Blighted" seedlings often recover.
4824077	Fusarium wilts, blights, rots and damping-off	Fusarium spp.	Affects lateral (feeder) and tap roots. Tap root may exhibit varying degrees of resin soaking.
4824070	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Multiple infection spots spreading across nursery beds.
4824032	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Dieback of infected seedling.
4824014	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Damaged seedlings infected with C. floridanum. Lack of aeration as foliage mats (or lays down) down causes disease to spread across tray.
4824019	longleaf pine	Pinus palustris	Beds after top clipping. Note clipped foliage in alleys.
4823100	red root and butt rot	Inonotus circinatus	A major pathogen of older (greater than 20 years) sand pines in both planted and natural stands. Decayed wood and roots exhibit reddish to red-brown discoloration and eventually a rot flecked with small elliptical white pockets.
4824001	red root and butt rot	Inonotus circinatus	A major pathogen of older (greater than 20 years) sand pines in both planted and natural stands. Decayed wood and roots exhibit reddish to red-brown discoloration and eventually a rot flecked with small elliptical white pockets.
4823092	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Wind throw of infected trees.
4823090	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Thinning crown of infected tree (center)
4823076	sand pine root disease		Old growth tree kiled by Inonotus circinatus (Fr.) R.L. Gilbertson. One of the complex of fungi (I. circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum) that cause Sand Pine Root Disease.
4823074	sand pine root disease		resin leaking from trunk caused by a complex of fungi (Inonotous circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum).
4823079	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Mortality in four year old plantation.
4823085	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Mortality of 2-0 bareroot stock in Munson Forest Nursery, Florida, USA.
4823052	eastern pine gall rust	Cronartium quercuum	Distinct spherical (globose) swelling. The bright yellow spore sacs (aecia) which contain masses of yellow to orange aeciospores form in the spring.
4823021	frost and winter injury (general)		Christmas freeze in Florida USA
4823081	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Mortality of 2-0 stock in Munson Forest Nursery, Florida, USA
4822032	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Advanced wood decay in branch. Note the distinct, narrow darkened zones of sound wood at the margins of the decayed wood, and the dark mass of sterile hyphae at the branch stub.
4822085	Botryosphaeria canker	Botryosphaeria dothidea	crown thinning and dieback
4823071	sand pine root disease		Resin leakage at base of tree. Caused by a complex of fungi (Inonotus circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum).
2733033	Dutch elm disease	Ophiostoma ulmi	Initial flagging (yellowing) of branches in crown.
4822057	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Mortality ("flagging") of terminal shoot
4822055	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Mortality ("flagging") of infected terminal/branch shoots in mature trees
4823002	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Infected trees on Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida USA
4824040	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Black microselerotia and orange pycnidia on xylem tissue of infected seedling.
4822099	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Mycelial felt on base of stem of India Rosewood
4823024	frost and winter injury (general)		sprouting from damaged stems
4823001	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Dead trees at Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida USA
4823062	Rhizina root disease	Rhizina undulata	Following a recent wildfire.
4823058	Lophodermium needle casts	Lophodermium spp.	Healthy trees (left), severe infection (center), moderate infection (right).
4823014	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	Note ferns growing under trees. The trees provide shade for the commercial fern production but cultivation of the soil causes root damage and infection.
4823084	red root and butt rot	Inonotus circinatus	Old growth trees kiled by Inonotus circinatus (Fr.) R.L. Gilbertson. One of the complex of fungi (Inonotus circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum) that cause Sand Pine Root Disease.
4823015	red heart of pine	Phellinus pini	Sporophore on the stem of an old-growth tree. (see image ).
4823008	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	Shiny, mahogany-red bracket-like (non-stalked) conks. Note mechanical damage to trunk.
4823009	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	young (immature) sporophore. Note pure white cap and yellowish stalk.
4822086	Botryosphaeria canker	Botryosphaeria dothidea	advanced symptoms and damage.
4822078	Phytophthora basal canker	Phytophthora palmivora	Droplets of discolored sap exuding from infected bark tissues.
4822082	Phytophthora basal canker	Phytophthora palmivora	canker initially 30 inches off ground, 6 months later - 11 feet off ground as infection progresses into tree stem and scaffold branches
4823019	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Decayed wood in center exhibiting typical yellow-brown to white color and is seperated from sound wood by a distinct zone of dark-stained wood.
4823026	bacterial wetwood	Enterobacter nimipressuralis	Symptomatic discolored bark. A branch scar is the "source" of the slime flux.
4823010	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	Mature sporophore removed from infected stem. Note the white underside of the conk.
4822095	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Mycelial white felt on roots, water soaking, "s" zone line
4822100	orange hobnail canker	Cryphonectria gyrosa	Thinning crown in infected tree where roots are exposed at soil surface from traffic & maintenance. Lake Wales, Florida USA
4823004	Inonotus canker	Inonotus ludovicianus	Infected tree in Santa Rosa County Florida USA
4823025	frost and winter injury (general)		bark fissure
4822051	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	healthy tree & trees infected with Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host.
4823075	sand pine root disease		Old growth tree kiled by Inonotus circinatus (Fr.) R.L. Gilbertson. One of the complex of fungi (I. circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum) that cause Sand Pine Root Disease.
4822087	Botryosphaeria canker	Botryosphaeria dothidea	note the discoloration on vascular tissue, 3/4 dead. Only the light-colored section is alive.
4822084	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Red-orange perithecia occur singly or in clusters in the fissured bark tissue of infected trees
4822077	Phytophthora basal canker	Phytophthora palmivora	Basal canker (6 feet off the ground) with dark staining and discoloration of infected bark. Naples, Florida, USA
4824002	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Mortality in 13-year old stand.
4822083	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Burlike galls
4822030	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	decay at branch stubs - note sap running
4822091	orange hobnail canker	Cryphonectria gyrosa	On roots exposed at soil surface and damaged from traffic, yard maintenance etc.
4823016	hispidus canker	Inonotus hispidus	Old and new fruiting conks and canker. As the pathogen invades and kills the cambium, conspicuous callus folds develop at the canker margins resulting in the characteristic elongate, swollen appearance of the canker.
4823006	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	base of tree with conk
4823005	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	thinning crown of infected tree
4823038	cedar-apple rust	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	Fresh telial horns produced on mature second-year galls during moist conditons in spring and early summer.
4822096	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Mycelial felt on roots
4822056	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Severe mortality ("flagging") of infected terminal/branch shoots in mature trees
4822001	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	canker
4822088	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Distinctive "target-like" canker in stem
4824003	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Mortality in 4-year old stand
4822046	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host. Symptoms characteristically develop from bottom of the tree upward and inside of crown outward. Older leaves will have a "scorched" curled appearance while younger leaves at branch tips will appear healthy.
4822021	Hypoxylon cankers	Hypoxylon spp.	ascocarps sexual stage
4822089	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Red-orange spherical perithecia wich occur singly or in clusters in the fissured bark of infected stems
4824028	Diplodia tip blights	Diplodia spp.	D. pini. Note resin soaked tissue beneath bark.
4823031	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Typical brown spots on infected needles.
4823073	sand pine root disease		Resin soaked wood caused by a complex of fungi (Inonotus circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum).
4823099	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Crown symptoms: Dead trees (left), fading trees (right).
4825017	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Pycnidial stroma on bark surface.
4823098	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	White stringy rot ("shredded wheat") indicative of advanced infection.
4822045	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host. Symptoms characteristically develop from bottom of the tree upward and inside of crown outward. Older leaves will have a "scorched" curled appearance while younger leaves at branch tips will appear healthy.
4823053	eastern pine gall rust	Cronartium quercuum	Spherical gall with yellow aecia spore sacs.
4823091	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Stand mortality.
4825016	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Bark fissures on infected trunk.
4822048	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host. Symptomatic tree with crown dieback, premature leaf abcission, chlorotic and "scorched" foliage.
4822049	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host. Leaves developing "scorched" appearance.
4822097	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Mycelial felt on roots and water soaking of xylem tissue.
4822025	Hypoxylon cankers	Hypoxylon spp.	Black canker patches on stem
4822098	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Mycelial felt on roots and water soaking of xylem tissue.
4822047	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host. Symptoms characteristically develop from bottom of the tree upward and inside of crown outward. Older leaves will have a "scorched" curled appearance while younger leaves at branch tips will appear healthy.
4823043	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	"Flagging" of infected terminal
4822037	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Sap exudation and associated bark staining at infected branch stub.
4822038	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	decay column in bole
4822041	Dutch elm disease	Ophiostoma ulmi	trees killed along road
4823057	Lophodermium needle casts	Lophodermium spp.	Severe infection.
4822080	Phytophthora basal canker	Phytophthora palmivora	Distinctive coffee-brown or dark rusty reddish-brown to black discoloration of bark.
4824094	southern blight	Sclerotium rolfsii	At base of foliage.
4824095	southern blight	Sclerotium rolfsii	Discolored foliage of infected seedlings.
4822079	Phytophthora basal canker	Phytophthora palmivora	zone line between infected vs. uninfected bark
4825024	Spanish moss	Tillandsia usneoides	A common epiphyte with hangs or drapes branches.
4824072	heat		Groundline heat lesions on young seedlings occur from high groundline temperatures. Damaging groundline temperature is related to ambient air temperature, groundline insolation, soil moisture, and the color of the soil surface.
4825021	devil's gut	Cassytha filiformis	A parasitic vine which will penetrate into the stems of the host plant.
4824030	Caliciopsis canker	Caliciopsis pinea	Stem canker
4825025	small ballmoss	Tillandsia recurvata	An epiphyte which occurs in ball-like clusters.
4824076	Fusarium wilts, blights, rots and damping-off	Fusarium spp.	Affects lateral (feeder) and tap roots. Tap root may exhibit varying degrees of resin soaking.
4824038	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Late summer infection with seedlings exhibiting stunted growth, off-color foliage, wilting and/or redding foliage.
4822064	ash rusts	Puccinia sparganioides	distinctive pycnia and aecial "cluster cup" with orange-yellow aeciospores proliferating from the surface of infected tissue.
4823028	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Grass stage seedling damaged by infection.
4822066	lichen	Strigula smaragdula	Green-orange algal spots or "green scruf" on leaf surface. The grayish-white and darker "crusts" are lichens of the genus Strigula resulting from fungal colonization of the alga. Plant host is southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.).
4822042	Fusarium root rot and wilt	Fusarium oxysporum	Thinning crown of infected tree
4822043	Fusarium root rot and wilt	Fusarium oxysporum	Distinctive pale to dark brown (sometimes with a purplish hue)staining or discoloration of the xylem. This soil borne fungus enters the roots by direct penetration or through root wounds during transplanting/landscape maintance, or vectored by feeding injury caused by plant parastic nematodes. Once inside a susceptible host, the fungus enters the xylem and colonizes the vascular system restricting water flow.
4822035	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Stem cross sections showing advanced wood decay. Note the distinct, narrow darkened zones of sound wood at the margins of the decayed wood.
4822036	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	longitudinal stem section showing advanced wood decay. Note the distinct, narrow darkened zones of sound wood at the margins of the decayed wood..
4822033	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Sap exudation ("bleeding")and associated bark staining at infected branch stub.
4822034	Inonotus heartrot	Inonotus rickii	Distinctive fructification of spores ("chain of spores").
4824043	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Larva or grub which feeds on roots.
4825004	Cylindrocladium blight and root rot	Cylindrocladium scoparium	High humidity conditions and dense seedling spacing results in poor air movement and drying beneath seedling foliage which can increase chance of infection.
4825005	Cylindrocladium blight and root rot	Cylindrocladium scoparium	High humidity conditions and dense seedling spacing results in poor air movement and drying beneath seedling foliage which can increase chance of infection.on
4825002	Cylindrocladium blight and root rot	Cylindrocladium scoparium	High humidity conditions and dense seedling spacing results in poor air movement and drying beneath seedling foliage which can increase chance of infection.
1361156	hispidus canker	Inonotus hispidus	large canker
4825026	resurrection fern	Pleopeltis polypodioides	An epiphyte using tree branches for support.
4825027	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Hypertrophied bark in crown.
4825029	Neonectria canker	Neonectria galligena	Perithecia on bark.
4825030	Leptographium root disease	Leptographium procerum	Resin-soaking/staining root. Associated with insect injury
4825031	Leptographium root disease	Leptographium procerum	Relationship between fire intensity and colonization of pine roots by regeneration weevils and L. spp. infection.
4825032	devil's gut	Cassytha filiformis	A parasitic vine which penetrates into the stems of the host plant.
4825033	devil's gut	Cassytha filiformis	close-up vine
4825006	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Healthy stem, contrast to infected stem (image 4825007).
4825007	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Bark fissures starting at base of infected tree. Compare with healkthy stem (image 4825006). C. cubensis inhibits coppice ability of infected trees.
4825008	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Initial infection beneath bark.
4825009	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Advanced bark fissuring from infection which reduces coppice ability.
4825010	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Bark fissuring as canker develops which reduces coppice ability.
4825011	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Advanced canker development.
4825012	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Perithecia embedded in and protruding from bark removed from cankered tissues.
4825013	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Failure of 2-year old coppice shoots on infected stump.
4825014	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Infected stump with dying coppice shoots.
4825015	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Bark fissures on mature tree.
4825022	devil's gut	Cassytha filiformis	A parasitic vine which penetrates into the stem of the host plant.
4825023	lichen		Foliose or leafy form (Parmelia spp.), and fruticose or shrubby form (Usnea spp.) on bark.
4825018	eucalyptus canker	Cryphonectria cubensis	Pycnidial stroma on bark.
4825019	Schweinitzii root and butt disease	Phaeolus schweinitzii	Sporophore from infected root (note yellow-brown to reddish brown decayed root tissue) of old-growth tree.
4825020	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Conk - Smooth white to cream-colored lower surface (top), brown upper surface with enclosed pine needles (bottom).
4825003	heat		Heat lesions girdling lower stem. Note swelling of stem above lesions resulting from obstructed flow of carbohydrates through damaged phloem.
4824078	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Symptomatic wilting of terminal of an infected seedling.
4824079	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Terminal wilting and dicoloration of infected seedlings.
4824091	pine tip blight		Tip Blight caused by a variety of fungi: Fusarium spp., Lasiodiplodia (Diplodia) spp., Macrophomina phaseolina. Occurs when shoot tips are succlent and rapidly growing. "Blighted" seedlings often recover.
4824092	southern blight	Sclerotium rolfsii	Infected seedlings.
4824093	southern blight	Sclerotium rolfsii	Infected seedlings.
4824096	grand eucalyptus	Eucalyptus grandis	8-year old in south Florida, USA.
4824097	lignotubers		Food storage and regeneration organs appear as swellings at the base/root-collar of shoots. Lignotubers orginate from accessory meristematic tissue and/or buds in the axils of the cotyledons or the first few seedling leaves.
4824098	lignotubers		Food storage and regeneration organs appear as swellings at the base/root-collar of shoots. Lignotubers orginate from accessory meristematic tissue and/or buds in the axils of the cotyledons or the first few seedling leaves.
4824099	Cylindrocladium blight and root rot	Cylindrocladium scoparium	Healthy seedlings (see image 4824100)
4824100	Cylindrocladium blight and root rot	Cylindrocladium scoparium	Girdling stem canker on infected seedlings. (see image 4824099).
4825001	Cylindrocladium blight and root rot	Cylindrocladium scoparium	Profuse conidial sporulation on severely infeced seedling stem.
4824073	heat		Groundline heat lesion on a young seedling resulting from high groundline temperatures. Damaging groundline temperature is related to ambient air temperature, groundline insolation, soil moisture, and the color of the soil surface.
4824074	Botryosphaeria canker	Botryosphaeria dothidea	Infected seedlings with dark fruiting bodies on lower stem/root-collar (three seedlings on right), uninfected (three seedlings on left).
4824075	Botryosphaeria canker	Botryosphaeria dothidea	On surface of lower stem/root-collar.
4824041	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Below ground larvae (grub) feeding damage.
4824042	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Larva (grub) feeding on root.
4824071	heat		Groundline heat lesions on young seedlings occur from high groundline temperatures. Damaging groundline temperature is related to ambient air temperature, groundline insolation, soil moisture, and the color of the soil surface.
4824081	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Resinosus of root/stem tissues of infected seedling.
4824082	Phytophthora root and crown rots	Phytophthora spp.	Infected roots growing in poorly drained nursery beds.
4824083	false tinder polypore	Phellinus igniarius	And Pythium root disease on seedlings grown in poorly drained nursery beds.
4824084	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Black microsclerotia fruiting bodies on the roots of infected seedlings.
4824085	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Black microsclerotia fruiting bodies on the roots of infected seedlings.
4824086	Pythium diseases	Pythium spp.	Scorched leaves of infected seedlings.
4824087	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Marginal leaf necrosis.
4824088	root-knot nematode	Meloidogyne incognita	Galls on roots of parasitized seedling.
4824089	pine tip blight		Tip Blight caused by a variety of fungi: Fusarium spp., Lasiodiplodia (Diplodia) spp., Macrophomina phaseolina. Occurs when shoot tips are succlent and rapidly growing. "Blighted" seedlings often recover.
4824044	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Scalping to remove a thin layer of thatch and topsoil to reduce larvae populations prior to planting.
4824045	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Non-scalped check plot in Whitefinged beetle larvae control study. End of first growing season. Compare to image 4824046
4824046	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Scalped plot in Whitefinged beetle larvae control study. End of first growing season. Compare to image 4824045
4824047	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Scalped plot (center) with non-scalped check plots on each side in Whitefinged beetle larvae control study. End of first growing season. See images 4824045-46
4824048	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Scalping prior to planting to reduce larvae populations.
4824049	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Scalped plot (left), non-scalped check plot (right) in Whitefinged beetle larvae control study. In third growing season. See images 4824045-46
4824050	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Scalped plot (left), non-scalped check plot (right)in Whitefinged beetle larvae control study. In third growing season.
4824051	whitefringed beetles	Naupactus spp.	Female. Larvae feed on seedling roots.
4824029	seedling blight of longleaf pine	Ceratobasidium spp.	Seedlings infected with a binucleate Rhizoctonia-like fungus. (Right to left) Asymptomatic, uninfected; early necrosis of needle bases and slight discoloration of terminal bud tissues; advanced necrosis of needle bases with developing bud necrosis; complete necrosis of terminal bud.
4824033	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Infected seedlings: (Right to left) basal swelling at root collar; clump of resin-soaked soil on root collar; resin-soaked root/stem lesion.
4824034	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Mortality in first year planted stand
4824035	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Roots of infected seedling caked with resin & sand. See image 4824036.
4824036	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Infected seedling with resin-soaked root xylem. See image 4824035.
4824037	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	"Flagging" or dieback of terminal shoots of infected seedlings.
4824039	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Black microsclerotia on outer sufrace of root xylem tissue (top), and on inner surface of bark (bottom).
4824031	Caliciopsis canker	Caliciopsis pinea	Stem canker with bark removed.
4824053	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Infected seedlings in nursery bed.
4824054	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Wilting and reddening foliage of infected seedlings.
4824055	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Off-colered foliage of infected seedling.
4824056	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Subcortical microsclerotia on outer surface of xylem tissue beneather bark.
4824057	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Soil populations of M. phaseolina related to crop history.
4824058	charcoal rot	Macrophomina phaseolina	Soil populations of M. phaseolina following soybean cropping history.
4824060	seedling blight of longleaf pine	Ceratobasidium spp.	A Rhizoctonia solani-like binucleate fungus. Seedling mortality in infection center.
4824061	seedling blight of longleaf pine	Ceratobasidium spp.	A Rhizoctonia solani-like binucleate fungus. Seedling mortality in infection center.
4824062	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Wilted and discolored infected seedlings.
4824063	seedling blight of longleaf pine	Ceratobasidium spp.	Seedlings infected with a binucleate Rhizoctonia-like fungus. (Right to left) Asymptomatic, uninfected; early necrosis of needle bases and slight discoloration of terminal bud tissues; advanced necrosis of needle bases with developing bud necrosis; complete necrosis of terminal bud.
4824064	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Loss of lower foliage on infected seedlings.
4824065	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Foliage discoloration and loss on infected seedling.
4824066	fusiform rust	Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme	Galls at seedling root-collar.
4824067	Phomopsis blight	Phomopsis juniperivora	Infected seedlings in nursery bed.
4824068	Phomopsis blight	Phomopsis juniperivora	Discolored foliage of infected seedlings.
4824069	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Initial infection spot developing in nursery bed.
4823086	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Healthy tree (left), infected tree (right).
4823087	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Yellowing foliage of infected tree.
4823088	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	13-year old trees: Fading tree (left), dead tree (center), healthy treee (right).
4823089	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Resin soaked tissue.
4823093	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Basidioma (beneath knife blade) at base of infected tree exposed by removal of duff/litter layer. Note irregular shape and whiteish undersurface.
4823095	annosum root disease	Heterobasidion annosum	Resin-soaked root xylem.
4824004	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	Growing near the base of a 6-year old pine, the yellow-flowered Senna attaches to and draws water and nutrients from the roots of the host pine.
4824005	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	A root parasite of southern pines
4824006	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	Closeup of foliage, flower buds and a single yellow flower. A root parasite of southern pine.
4824007	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	Seed capsules. Senna is a root parasite of southern pines.
4824008	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	Six-year old seedlings damaged in Washington County Florida. Note stunted growth, chlorotic foliage, tufting of needles in stem terminals and tree mortality.
4824009	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	A root parasite of southern pine. Haustorial attachment on pine root.
4824010	black senna	Seymeria cassioides	A root parasite of southern pine. Senna plant on right of photo, damaged host pine on left.
4824011	nursery operations		Container production in Florida, USA
4824012	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Damaged seedlings infected with C. floridanum. Lack of aeration as foliage mats (or lays down) down causes disease to spread across tray.
4824013	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Damaged seedlings infected with C. floridanum. Lack of aeration as foliage mats (or lays down) down causes disease to spread across tray.
4824020	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Infection centers in beds
4824021	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Infection center in bed.
4824022	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Infections occur on seedlings in sandy soils as sand, washed by rain and irrigation ("sand splash"), accumulates at the base of the seedlings, creating a microenvironment of reduced aeration and increased relative humidity which favors infection.
4824023	Rhizoctonia damping-off, blight and rot	Rhizoctonia solani	Infections occur on seedlings in sandy soils as sand, washed by rain and irrigation ("sand splash"), accumulates at the base of the seedlings, creating a microenvironment of reduced aeration and increased relative humidity which favors infection.
4824025	seedling blight of longleaf pine	Ceratobasidium spp.	Teliomorph sexual stage foliage
4824015	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Healthy seedling (right) & seedling infected with C. floridanum (left).
4824016	seedling blight of longleaf pine	Ceratobasidium spp.	A binucleate Rhizoctonia solani-like fungus. Similar to R. solani but with binucleate hyphal cells. Initial symptoms appear as water-soaking and chlorosis of needle bases.
4824017	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Orange calinectria of C. floridanum
4824018	Cylindrocladium root diseases	Cylindrocladium spp.	Orange calinectria of C. floridanum
4822044	Fusarium root rot and wilt	Fusarium oxysporum	fungi in agar plate
4822050	bacterial leaf scorch	Xylella fastidiosa	Early leaf symptoms development of Fastidious xylem-inhabiting bacterium which occludes vascular tissue as it develops in the host.
4822052	mistletoes	Phoradendron spp.	Globose clumps established in tree crown as seen in winter.
4822059	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Internal resin impregnation of infected xylem tissue
4822062	ash rusts	Puccinia sparganioides	Leaf distortion, petiole hypertrophy and distinctive pycnia and aecial "cluster cup" with orange-yellow aeciospores proliferating from the surface of infected tissue.
4822054	mistletoes	Phoradendron spp.	closeup of foliage clump growing from host tree
4822067	Ectomycorrhizae	Thelephora terrestris	Sporophores in nursery bed.
4822069	powdery mildew	Microsphaera penicillata	Initial infection (left) appears as raised circular areas on the leaves covered with powdery white fungus cells which can spread over leaf surface (right).
4822065	ash rusts	Puccinia sparganioides	Closeup of distinctive pycnia and aecial "cluster cup" with orange-yellow aeciospores proliferating from the surface of infected tissue.
4822071	Phomopsis blight	Phomopsis juniperivora	characteristic dicoloration (graying) and curling of infected shoot tips
4822073	Phomopsis blight	Phomopsis juniperivora	fruiting bodies
4822081	Phytophthora basal canker	Phytophthora palmivora	diagnostic culture from infected tree
4822092	orange hobnail canker	Cryphonectria gyrosa	On roots exposed at soil surface and damaged from traffic, yard maintenance etc.
4822093	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Clusters of sporocarps on roots of infected trees appear in the fall of the year
4822094	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Clusters of sporocarps on roots of infected trees appear in the fall of the year. Note gills on underside.
4823029	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Normal-uninfected grass stage seedling.
4823030	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	severe infection
4823027	brown spot needle blight of pine	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Extensive patches in nursery beds
4823022	frost and winter injury (general)		bark fissure from freeze
4823039	cedar-apple rust	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	Inactive reddish-brown/dark brown second-year galls. Telia horns will develop during moist conditions in spring and early summer see image 4823038).
4823040	quince rust	Gymnosporangium clavipes
4823041	quince rust	Gymnosporangium clavipes	Telia sporulation.
4823042	juniper witches' broom rust	Gymnosporangium nidus avis	Swelling and telia sporulation on infected branch.
4823035	crown gall	Rhizobium radiobacter	gall on seedling stem. Chiefland Forest Nursery, Florida USA
4823036	crown gall	Rhizobium radiobacter	Gall on stem. Chiefland Forest Nursery, Florida USA
4823037	crown gall	Rhizobium radiobacter	Gall on stem. Chiefland Forest Nursery, Florida USA
4823003	Armillaria root rot	Armillaria tabescens	Clusters of sporocarps on roots of infected trees appear in the fall of the year near host pine. FL Forestry
4823011	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	on roots of infected tree in yard
4823012	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	on roots of infected tree in yard
4823013	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	Spores on top of fruiting bodies. Note ferns growing under trees. The trees provide shade for the commercial fern production but cultivation of the soil causes root damage and infection.
4823007	Ganoderma root and butt rot	Ganoderma lucidum	note construction damage
4823020	Armillaria root rots	Armillaria spp.	An unknown A. spp. exhibiting rarely formed rhizomorphs.
4823063	Rhizina root disease	Rhizina undulata	Following recent wildfire
4823059	pine needle cast	Lophodermella cerina	Ascomata (hysterothecia) on infected needle.
4823060	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Deodar weevil vectors pitch canker by boring holes into stems to lay eggs.
4823061	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	Deodar weevil chip cocoon in sapwood. Pitch canker is vectored by adults feeding on shoots and boring into stem to lay eggs.
4823044	southern cone rust	Cronartium strobilinum	Infected first-year conelets swell rapidly by April and are often three to four times larger than disease-free cones. Infected conelet - left, normal conelet - right.
4823045	southern cone rust	Cronartium strobilinum	Infected first-year conelets swell rapidly by April and are often three to four times larger than disease-free cones. Note bright yellow aeciospores forming on the large infected cone on the right.
4823046	southern cone rust	Cronartium strobilinum	Infected swollen first year cone displaying powdery masses of yellow-orange aeciospores
4823047	southern cone rust	Cronartium strobilinum	Swollen infected first year cones with yellow-orange masses of aeciospores
4823048	southern cone rust	Cronartium strobilinum	infected cone with yellow-orange aeciospore masses (top) and normal green cone (bottom)
4823049	pitch canker	Fusarium subglutinans	resin oozing from infected stem
4823055	pine needle cast	Lophodermella cerina	Hysterothecia are small (1-2 mm), black elongated fruting bodies which produce ascospores.
4823077	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Mortality of first-year seedlings in Munson Forest Nursery, Florida, USA
4823078	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Roots of infected nursery seedlings. Note the lack of short lateral roots and presence of black, necrotic and sloughing cortical tissues.
4823082	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Resin caked roots of infected seedlings in the field.
4823083	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Resin-soaked tap root of seedling infected during its first year in the field.
4823080	Phytophthora root rot	Phytophthora cinnamomi	Poor seed bed drainage can increase infection risk.
4823072	sand pine root disease		Sand Pine Root Disease. Typical sporophores (conks) of Inonotus circinatus (Fr.) R.L. Gilbertson at the base of a mature tree. This is one of a complex of fungi (Inonotus circinatus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Verticicladiella procera, Armillariella tabescens, Heterobasidion annosum) that cause Sand Pine Root Disease.
4823070	ectomycorrhizae	Pisolithus tinctorius	Typical sporophore (left) and mycorrhizal roots. Munson Forest Nursery. Florida USA
4823065	Ganoderma butt rot of palm	Ganoderma zonatum	Mature conk at base of palm tree.
4823067	Leptographium root disease	Leptographium procerum	Fungi culture
4823068	Leptographium root disease	Leptographium procerum	Fungi culture
2733034	Dutch elm disease	Ophiostoma ulmi	small stem split to show vascular discoloration.